Hitchcock began his career in filming Essay Example for Free

Hitchcock began his career in filming EssayHitchcock began his career in filming in the 1920s. Later on he became a director, this involved changing the script or book into a film. Hitchcock used his own method of preparing the order of shots onward filming, as he preconceived each shot in Psycho, ensuring that the tension was built up in a dramatic manner with a purpose, which do him very successful and led to a huge success. Hitchcock found ways to overcome censorship laws against nudity, sex and force. He shot the film in low-spirited and white to conceal flesh/blood. Music was created to build up an atmosphere of contempt to kill, also to make the audience feel relaxed to increase the shock of certain(prenominal) events. The shower scene was shot in 76 cuts So that the protagonists arms and other objects would cover up her breasts. Hitchcocks, most impressive technique was to suggest violence instead of showing it, which made it much more dramatic. Hitchcock used techniq ues, which later became known as Hitchcockean techniques.He tries to emphasise a characters view by precisely having one person in a shot or relating the charter to the audience. Placing objects around the room to show characters characteristics and builds up certain ideas. Hitchcock used an ongoing penning of death through out the film, using stairs to represent life at the bottom and death at the top, which instantly creates tension as in brief as a shot with stair is shown. The plot begins with Marion having an affair with Sam.She is sick of sneaking around with him and is sick of her job. So one day when her boss gives her funds to deposit in the bank, which she keeps for herself and decides to run away to her boyfriend, the audience have related to Marion and because of this do not think that she has done anything wrong. When se is on the road she is followed by a police officer so part-exchanges her car for a new one, the audience starts to think that she will get caught a nd start to hope that she doesnt.She then continues on her journey, but gets lost in the rain. She arrives at the Bates Motel and decides to stay there the night. She meets the owner, Norman Bates who seems a nice man, although a little nervous (to scared to say bathroom. ). He offers her tea, but his mother objects so they secretly eat in the back room. The audience have related with Marion and because of this are also unsure this helps to build up the suspense at a key point in the films.Marion then goes to have a shower, but unknowingly is watched through a peephole. She is then killed by a mystery figure, the audience then feel shocked that the main character has died. Norman finds the body and forgets about it. However Marions sister and Sam call for to find out where she has gone so hire a private detective, who leads them to the bates motel. Psycho begins with the normal (a big city. ) and draws slowly into the abnormal (Norman and his disturbed mother. )

Operant Conditioning Experiment Essay Example for Free

Operant Conditioning Experiment EssayI chose to fill the 1-year and a couple of months old son of my good friend and neighbor (named Judith) for my Operant Conditioning Experiment. Shawn, as we fondly call the toddler, happens to be extraordinarily shy. He would rather stay around the presence of his mom or dad than enjoy playing with other kids. He shuns most, if not all occasions of interaction with other fellows. I, for my part, confuse tried to sneak him away from his parents (with their permission, of course), to no avail. Instances in the ExperimentI set for myself a modest goal i. e. , to be commensurate to make Shawn a little more comfortable with the company of someone other than his parents for at least 5 minutes. What I did was to spend some time, nearly an hour, in my friends home after school. I asked my friend to bring Shawn to the documentation room area, where we would chat while sitting on the couch. In the process, I would give Shawn some cookies (oat m eal cookies are his favorite) on the condition that he would sit by my lap. The first day was a complete mess.Judith brought with her Shawn to the living room, but ended up catering to his tantrums. He appeared restless that time. The second day was the formal start of the experiment. Shawn sat near her mom by the couch. I handed him over an oatmeal cookie but he wont accept. He only got it when Judith convinced him to do so. Come third day, we did the similar routine again. I offered Shawn an oatmeal cookie and pulled it back again and again just as he was about to get it. The concept was that I involve to ask him to sit nearer my place before I would give in letting him require the cookie.Still, the experiment proved unsuccessful. I got almost the said(prenominal) results on the fourth day of my experiment. But I was feeling happy that Shawns uneasiness with my presence appears to be waning. The fifth day however, I see a significant development. When I asked him to sit besid e me while offering the cookie, Shawn got up to get the cookie from where I was, and sat for a few seconds. He wherefore got up again, holding his cookie, and got back to his mothers place in the couch. Evaluation of the ExperimentFirstly, I must say that I did not stir the goal of my experiment, i. e. , to make Shawn enjoy my company even for 5 minutes. While I got Shawn to become a little less uneasy with my presence, and in concomitant got him to get his cookie and sit beside me for a few seconds, the fact that I was not able to make him stay with me at least for 5 minutes renders the experiment only as a relative success. Looking back, I have three realizations to make in relation to the experiment. First, I may have set a goal which is too much for Shawn to handle.Second, the experiment duration of 5 days may be too short for someone as timid and shy as Shawn. Third, I realized that Operant Conditioning may entail exploring other motivations to elicit behavioral change. If o nly I have explored offering him other enjoyable stuff like toys, I may have gotten better results from my experiment. Had I used more appealing reinforcers to help my experiment, I believe that my experiment would have generated better and more successful outcomes.

Changes In Health Care Policy Health And Social Care Essay

Changes In Health C be Policy Health And friendly Cargon EssayMedicaid is the national judicatures largest single welf ar program for the poor. Its be now exceed the constitutes of all other human race assistance programs- including family assistance, SSI, and the nutrition stamp program. Medicaid was established in 1965 and grew quickly into the nations largest eudaimonia program. Since then, there fuddle been umteen redress changes in the program implemented by the political science, analogous the gate of the Affordable safekeeping diddle, because of the issues rising in the series of its carrying into action and based on the evaluations through with(p) by research organizations of government, private institutions, and busy groups. The way government implements and administers such programs for the welfare of the reality can be best illustrated with the performance of Policy reservation, their evaluation, and the issues arising unwrap of their implementation.Pu blic policy is verbalise to be what the governments wish to do or non to do. Governments implement several laws which whitethorn or may not be accepted by the people. It provides many services, facilities, and entitlements, in lieu of some taxes. Thus, the policies implemented may regulate the way people behave, provide services, and collect taxes.Thomas R. Dye has cited other definitions of Public Policy by several semipolitical scientists and philosophersDavid Easton, a political scientist, defines public policy as the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society Harold Lasswell, a political scientist and Abraham Kaplan, a philosopher, define public policy as a a projected program of goals, values, and practices, and political scientist Carl Friedrick says, It is essential for the policy concept that there be a goal, objective, or purpose (Dye, 2008).thither are other ways of defining public policy by breaking down this general notion into various component parts. This was brought astir(predicate) by a political scientist Charles O. Jones, proposed the distinction among various proposals (specified means for achieving goals), programs (authorized means for achieving goals), decisions (specific actions taken to implement programs), and effects (the measurable impacts of programs) be considered. (Dye, 2008)Models of PoliticsA stick can be a way of illustrating some aspect of the real world. In governing, political scientists use a flow chart to show how a law is derived from a bill.The models used or employed for studying policy are conceptual models which make it easy and clear to know about politics and public policy, recognize the important aspects of policy problems, derive explanations for public policy and predict its consequences. (Dye, 2008)The different policy models used to examine public policy areInstitutional modelProcess modelRational modelIncremental modelGroup modelElite modelPublic choice modelGame theory modelHere the Poli cy is reviewed, using the Incremental model of politics. The Incremental model is a conservative model, in which, considering the existing programs, policies, and expenditures as a base, attention is concentrated on new programs and on increases, decreases, or modifications of existing programs. The process can be exemplified with budgetary policy for any government activity or programs for a given year. This process is preferred for many reasons, first being, economic hardships, absence of details on demand survey, authenticity or inappropriate statistical feed-back from the relevant fields and time required to investigate all the alternatives in the existing policy. The others are, legitimacy of the existing policies is accepted by policy makers, since they do not want to try any new programs due to lack of enthusiasm and creativity in the bureaucracy, fearing the uncertain consequences of the new policies. Then, the existing policies, which are deep-rooted enough, because of heav y investments, make it difficult for the policy makers to take any radical decision. Lastly, policies like these are accepted easily compared to new policies. Thus, incrementalism is important in maintaining stability and preserving the political system in almost status-quo with sight variations.The issues being addressed here may not be issue forthly termed as agree with this incrementalism model, since they are budgetary policies being addressed by the New York deposit government, with utmost share and dedication with profound application of sincerity. Thus, the programs Medicaid and Affordable vexation feat, which have been successful mostly in serving most of the broken, had a few challenges which aptly require only few changes. Contrary to the rational changes, which require a lot additional re bases, the solutions provided appear to be easier and less expensive to implement, like the ones suggested by the Medicaid Redesign Team, for the New York State Budget for the yea r 2011-2012.The Policy devising ProcessThe process of policy making is a process of how policies are made, in a step-by step sequence, but these processes never occur in a sequence in reality.Problem identification Though the society may sustain many issues, only a few are considered to become a policy, to become an agendum for the government. This is influenced by the interest groups, pressure groups, media who communicate the issues to the government. Thus influencing the decision making process. If such groups do not come up with any objections on a certain policy implemented by the government, it is considered that the policy has been accepted by most people. Thus the mass media, interest groups, citizen initiatives, public opinion become the major(ip) participants of this step (Dye, 2008).Agenda Setting The process by which ideas or issues are brought up by the various political channels to be considered by a political institution such as legislature or court. Moreover, the ad ministrative agencies of a government often generate and formulate proposals, which may be corporal into the executives legislative recommendations for a careful consideration by the legislative body (Shafritz, E. W. Russell, Borick, 2008).Non decision making Though there may be many public issues arising, politicians try to suppress them from becoming policy issues. Non decision making occurs when some powerful elite groups which always keep an eye on Government policies, implementation programs and reactions of the people, act openly or covertly to suppress an issue because of the fear that if attention is focused on certain policy issues, something leave alone be done and it may not be in their interest (Dye, 2008).Formulating policy It is way of drafting a document on policy alternatives for dealing with issues in the interest of public welfare and development on public agenda. It takes place in the government bureaucracies offices agencies of interest group/pressure- groups legislative committee rooms meetings of special commissions prescribed by the Government and policy planning organizations otherwise known as think tanks. These are considered to be the central coordinating points in the policy making process. Some of them are the Council on the Foreign Relations, the American Enterp hold water Institute, Heritage Foundation, and the Brookings Institution. They can influence a wide range of important policy areas. other(a) policy planning groups-the Urban Institute, Resources for the Future, the Population Council, for example -concentrate on a particular policy area.Interest groups The interest groups influence the government policy in a variety of ways like Direct lobbying, Contributions made through Political Action Committees (PACs), Interpersonal contacts, between government offices and the industries and organizations representing them, Litigation designed to agitate changes in policies through the court system, and grassroots mobilization e fforts to influence Congress and the White House by encouragement from individual constituents and campaign contributors (Dye, 2008).Policy legitimation The process by which a public policy is enacted into a law, after verification by all the legal institutions. The people involved with this process are called proximate policy makers, who include the president, congress, courts, federal agencies, congressional committees, White house staff, and interest groups. They are the ones responsible for bringing a public policy into action, by putting up a bill in the congress, or by any other way.Policy Implementation It includes all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by the legislative branch. These activities include the creation of new organizations- departments, agencies, bureaus, and so on -or the assignment of new responsibilities to existing organizations. They must translate laws into operational rules and regulations. They employ and deploy personnel, dra w up contracts, sanction required funds and perform tasks. The bureaucrats or executional bodies of public administration in Government play a major purpose in this process, since the political leaders give only broad instructional outlines in the legislature meetings to the Government to define these policies and set rules at the basic take aim (Dye, 2008).Policy Evaluation It is the process which assists the Congress, the President, interest groups, bureaucrats, the media, think tanks know whether or not the policies implemented by them are achieving their stated goals at what costs and with what effects, think and unintended, on society. Thus evaluations of current policy may recognize new problems and restart the policymaking process. It may be mostly impressionistic rather than systematic, where impressionistic would steer the complaints and the media stories about the laws passed and implemented, and systematic evaluation indicates what is done by the government in a syst ematic, careful, objective, scientific assessment of the current and long-term effects of policies on both(prenominal) target and non-target subjects or groups, and the costs and benefits involved (Dye, 2008).MedicaidMedicaid is the United States health program for people and families with low incomes and resources. It is a program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments, and is managed by the states (Overview-Medicaid Program General Information).Being the federal governments largest single welfare program for the low income group as a pure welfare measure, its costs now exceed the costs of all other public welfare/ developmental programs- including family assistance, Social Security Income, and the food stamp program. It was begun in 1965 and is now the nations largest welfare program (Dye, 2008).The Medicaid serves certain U.S. citizens and resident aliens, including low-income adults and their children, and people with certain disabilities. Poverty alone m ay not necessarily qualify someone for Medicaid. It covers almost one-third of the total child population, and dealive(p)ries also, most of them from families at or below the national meagerness direct. It also covers 8 million people with disabilities, and only one-fourth of the poor junior adults, since their eligibility is higher. Medicaid also supports Medicare enrollees by paying their Medicare premiums and a few critical services that are not included in Medicare (The Kaiser Commision on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2011).The Program can be said to have served the maximum number of people, and when needed, like during the economic recession in the years of 2007-2009. The enrollment increased by nearly 6 million during the Recession. This also put additional burden on the state budgets. The increased enrollment in-turn led to a rise an increase in the spending for Medicaid. It was of bang-up help to the individuals who lost their jobs during this period and forced into pov erty (The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2011).Medicaid also helped the people in other ways, being a large source of the federal funding, and fuelling the economies of the states, and thus in turn increasing the number of jobs, like physician, pharmacists, nursing staff, and other auxiliaries.Eligibility The individuals or groups bailable for Medicaid are decided by the states. The eligibility groups will be considered one of the following (Medicaid At-a-Glance 2005 Medicaid Data Sources)The Categorically needy,The Medically needy, orThe Special groups.A brief description of each of the key eligibility groups included is given, though these descriptions may not include all groups.The Categorically NeedyPregnant women and children under age 6 whose family income is at or below 133 % of the Federal poverty level.Children ages 6 to 19 with family income up to 100% of the Federal poverty level.Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients (or, in certain states, aged , blind, and disabled people who meet requirements that are much restrictive than those of the SSI program).Individuals and couples who are living in medical institutions and who have monthly income up to 300% of the SSI income standard (Federal benefit rate).The Medically NeedyThe medically needy have too much money (and in some cases resources like savings) to be eligible as categorically needy. If a state has a medically needy program, it must include pregnant women through a 60-day postpartum period, children under age 18, certain newborns for one year, and certain protected blind persons.States may also provide Medicaid toChildren under age 19 who are full-time students can be categorized by deciding the age-limitCaretaker relatives (relatives or legal guardians who live with and take care of children).Aged persons (age 65 and older).Blind persons (blindness is determined using the SSI program standards or state standards).Disabled persons (disability is determined using the S SI program standards or state standards).Persons who would be eligible if not enrolled in a health maintenance organization.Special GroupsMedicare Beneficiaries-Medicaid pays Medicare premiums, deductibles and coinsurance for Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries (QMB)-individuals whose income is at or below 100% of the Federal poverty level and whose resources are at or below twice the standard allowed under SSI. There are additional groups for whom Medicare related expenses are give by Medicaid-Medicare beneficiaries with income greater than 100% but less than 135% of the Federal poverty level (Medicaid At-a-Glance 2005 Medicaid Data Sources).The Affordable Care ActThe Affordable Care Act, which was passed by the Congress and put into law by the President Barack Obama in March 2010, puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that will take into custody insurance companies much accountable, lower health care costs, guarantee more health care choices, and enhance the quality of health care for all Americans. The Act gives an individual better control of his own decisions about his health insurance insurance reportage, like, to get the health benefits through work, buy insurance for himself, or if he has small channel and desires to provide health coverage to his employees, who are on Medicare, or do not have an insurance (About the Affordable Care Act / HealthCare.gov).This act before long makes insurance more affordable by providing small businesses with a tax credit to provide coverage, and by 2014, by providing tax attribute to those who need help in buying insurance representing the largest middle class tax cut for health care in history (About the Affordable Care Act / HealthCare.gov). This Act was aimed at helping reduce the costs of insurance premiums for millions of American families and small business owners who are not eligible for the Medicaid, thus making health coverage affordable.The Affordable Care Act will ensure that most of the uninsured individuals are brought under coverage by 2014, and if they do not have doorway to affordable employer coverage, they will be able to purchase through a health insurance exchange. It also imposes new regulations for employers who do not provide coverage for their employees, by levying new penalties and taxes, with exceptions for small employers. Medicaid may also be expanded to 133% of the Federal poverty level for all individuals under 65.DiscussionIn spite of being the most successful public programs implemented by the government, the Affordable Care Act and the Medicaid programs had challenges. A few of them have illustrated here.Though the Affordable Care Act is deemed to extend the health insurance coverage by both expanding Medicaid eligibility and offering premium subsidies for the purchase of private health insurance through state health insurance exchanges, the eligibility, by definition, for these programs is sensitive to income and can change over a period of time with fluctuating income and changes in family composition. Since the law specifies no nominal enrollment period, grant levels will also change as income rises and falls. (Benjamin D Sommers, 2011)The author estimated using national survey data that within six months, more than 35 percent of all adults with family incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level will experience a shift in eligibility from Medicaid to an insurance exchange, or the reverse within a year, 50 percent, or 28 million, will. The states and the federal government should adopt strategies to reduce the frequency of coverage transitions and to mitigate the disruptions caused by those transitions, so that it minimizes the effect on continuity and quality of care (Benjamin D Sommers, 2011).The greatest achievement of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 has been its ability to deliver a guarantee of access to affordable health insurance. This is accomplished by the law through two principal pathways. The first being, expanding Medicaid eligibility to all nonelderly citizens and eligible legal residents whose family income does not exceed 133 percent of the federal poverty level, then, enabling Medicaid-ineligible people with incomes up to 400 percent of poverty to receive premium subsidies through tax credits for health plans offered through state health insurance exchanges (Benjamin D Sommers, 2011).Though the Affordable Care Act helped subsidize the cost of health insurance, it had impact on income-related eligibility, because of the fluctuating incomes, and changing family sizes and compositions. As there was no specification in the Act, regarding minimum enrollment period, there was a constant change in the eligibility and subsidy levels with fluctuations in incomes. Moreover individuals are required to report changes in income frequently, more than once a year, thus eligibility can cease in any month.This potency for movement between Medicaid and exchange coverage was discusse d previously by many authors like Short. P F, Graefe. D R, Schoen, C. in 2003, and Gerry Lynn Fairbrother, Heidi Park Emerson, Lee Partridge in 2007, can be thought of as an update to the classic problem of churning (frequent changes back and forth, in and out of Medicaid), a problem with which Medicaid has long grappled.Thus, issues like these may cause a disruption in the Medicaid coverage within a short period. Though Affordable Care Act may be rectifying the total loss of coverage when the individual loses eligibility for Medicaid, by providing an alternative source of coverage, there have been challenges in the implementation of the two programs, like increasing the administrative costs. The author Benjamin D Sommers, also proved the increase in the administrative costs and also the adverse effects on the access to the health coverage.There has also been a controversy in the public opinion regarding the Affordable Care Act, since it also made it necessary for all Americans to have coverage by the year 2014. And moreover, it had opposition from Political candidates such as Tim Pawlenty, a Republican, on his presidential campaign trail, tried to use the laws unpopularity for his benefit. He also said in one of his statements, that he would be repealing the acts, if he became the president. (Oliphant, 2011)OptionsThe author Benjamin D Sommers suggests some options for these issuesReduce likelihood of frequent eligibility changes this may be achieved by setting a minimum eligibility period, the governments can use annual re-determination procedures rather than the frequent ones, in practice now.This was recommended by the Medicaid Redesign team, have been brought about in the New York State Budget for the year 2011, like allowing the aged and permanently disabled with fixed incomes to be automatically renewed based on cost of living increases. Currently, Medicaid recipients must complete and mail-in a renewal form once a year in order to continue to receive health care coverage. (Medicaid RedesignTeam, 2011)Another policy decision regarding the Act was established, that is introducing a standard 5% disregard in the income, furthermore expanding the Medicaid coverage, by raising the eligible income from 133% of poverty level to 138% of Poverty, which is to be implemented by 2014. Individuals with incomes between 139% and 400% of poverty, who are not covered by employer or any public plan, will be eligible for tax credits, if he buys private insurance through new state based Health insurance exchanges. (Focus on Health Reform, 2011)Efforts should be made to find the markets and the provider networks in such a way, that they offer coverage under both plans.The individuals facing the shifts between the programs should be supported appropriately.ConclusionThus, these issues illustrate about how a policy, implemented by the government can have some advantages and disadvantages and affects the public, and how it is brought out in the limelig ht by the media. This illustrates the evaluation part of the policy making process, and how it was corrected by the government by implementing corrections to the program in the recent State Budget of New York State, for the year 2011,which can be considered as drafting a new policy again. A Public Policy is deemed to be successful when it serves the society without causing any further burden on the public and the government. And the media and the public should project such drawbacks and see that they are corrected by the government.The Affordable Care Act and the Medicaid, were beneficial to the public in many ways, like they provided coverage to many uninsured, and also to those who were pushed into poverty because of the Economic Recession in years 2007-2009, and they covered many children and the child births, the elderly, and those conditions which were not covered by most of the private plans and the individual was not eligible for Medicaid, directly. They also became a large s ource of federal funds, providing employment and creating a market.Though issues can rise in any major policy decisions, if they can be corrected, like the issues of eligibility, they will definitely prove more successful. Thus Policy making process can be called a never ending process, since issues keep on coming, in the process of their administration.

Representations of Ageing in the Media

Representations of timeing in the Media senescence, Society and PolicyTake two types of media and critic totallyy escort the dominating representations of later life, noning key points of similitude and difference.Age is an issue of mind over matter, if you dont mind, it doesnt matter (Laham, 2015 para. 19). This quote resonates well when discussing the mass media and its overabundant representations of later life. Particularly, beca subroutine The Mass Media have long been critiqued by researchers for a great deal representing seniors in a banish light. The Mass Media tends to portray the sr. as un sizable, ugly and badly dressed rather than showing ordained portrayals as healthy, originative and attr brisk (Rozanova, 2010214). The impact of the negative stereotyping canister dam get on the self- designs of the fourth-year and disrupt the socialisation of young people with respect to the elderly which contributes to mountism (Miller, Leyell Mazachek, 2004315). The ne ar dominant representations of ripening be repeated across the media over time and so ar the values. Therefore, to identify which argon most dominant we will critically examine the key similarities and differences of maturement within film and magazine advertisements and to what extent these representations of jump oning have classd society. Next, I will be discussing how the media representations add pressure for seniors to age successfully by fighting the ageing process. Lastly, Ill be examining how the media represents the trey and fourth age in films and adverts.(Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 2013107) maintain that Social realities of age and ageing are not primarily based on biological facts but on social constructions of what it means to be and grow middle-aged. Positive ageing encourages those who are healthy and productive known as the young grey who are actively ageing but isolates those who are ill and must deal with the realities of ageing. The negative design of ol d age refers to mountain chains of them being dependent and frail (Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 2013). Through using the Cultivation theory, we can understand how content released by the mass media has the power to shape the minds of society and their opinions of the world regardless of the effects the negative representation of later life has on others (Vickers, 2007). Through defining the most dominant representations of ageing we can determine if age is an essential factor in establishing ones identity and how they are regarded by others (Hatch, 2005). develop has come to occupy much(prenominal) a central lay out within Postmodern culture because on that point Is more age some than ever before, more varied resources to shape its experiences. This suggests that the arrival of pop culture has molded the experiences of how we view later life (Gilleard Higgs, 200010).The most dominant representations of old age fall into three classifications. Firstly sr. age as a homophile Decl ine whereby the old are stereotyped as always suffering from either physical or mental decline (Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 2013). This idea is further demonstrable by identifying the old as having to rely on others and incapable of being in control of their own dies due to physical limitations. Additionally, they are subjected to exploitation by criminals, care homes and are viewed by others as a burden particularly by family members. In other words, this leads to the old being lonely and isolated by family and society. Examples of these representations can be found frequently in the media in the form of an ad or a character in a film (Rozanova, 2010).Age as a humans decline is demonstrated by Lewis, Medvedev, Seponski (2011) via Fashion magazines which tend to be ageist and portray age negatively, especially when discussing physical limitations. For example, In Elle and spellbind magazine the focus of the advertisements is on youthfulness and anti-ageing methods mainly featuring younger models. This representation echoes a culture which favours youthfulness and competent individuals over those ageing naturally by using younger models and encouraging cosmetic surgery to delay the ageing process (ibid). Similarly, Being physically attractive counts much more in a womans life than in a mans, but beauty, identified, as it is for women, with youthfulness, does not stand up well to age (Sontag, 197231). In take on, a mans success is determined by power and authority, a womans is determined by looks, they are expected to adapt to societies requirements of appearing youthful to others to obtain particular roles on the big screen (Lauzen Dozier, 2005). In this case, there are similarities within the representations of older women in Films and Ads as a human decline in regards to beauty.The second classification of old age is Old age as a New ascendent, this is viewed more positively and encourages active behaviour in later life. Old age is viewed as happy and sat isfying. It comes in three forms, the old being independent and the director of their own lives and how fulfilling it becomes. Being able to adapt and keep up with societies changes mentally and physically whilst copying the behaviours of their children and grandchildren, and the tie beam of old age with an eternal sexless love (Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 2013). This is a new way of ageing which is gaind as inspirational and positive, an active way of maintaining ones youth and ageing well (Ylnne, 2015). This representation of old age is prevalent in films with an older cast but can be difficult to identify in magazines which commonly focus on cosmetics as a way of maintaining youth.Vogue magazine are aware of the changes in demographics and try to support the ageing process, particularly because the positive portrayal of old age is usually in ads which promote food and health and rarely in Fashion which society have become known with. Up until 2007 Vogue had never paid attention to the older demographic, until their ageless style issue was released which endorsed old age as a new root system with their sell in lines Ageless style the best pieces at every age How to grow fashionably. This attitude affirms societies aim to look younger and remove any signs of ageing (Twigg, 2010). Similarly, films which try to support old age as a new beginning the message occasionally gets lost. For example, in the painting RED (Retired, exceedingly dangerous), the focus is on a Bruce Willis and his team of ageing retired black ops operatives who are no longer living a fast-paced life. Although the messages support living an active lifestyle and having a zest for life where by retirement shouldnt be the first choice, it suggests that to remain youthful you must imitate the behaviour of the young. The Postmodern living Course supports this way of living where theres a shift from the dark days of ageing to a postmodern time where seniors are urged to dress like their child ren and grandchildren, to live a similar lifestyle and enjoy the benefits of pop culture (Estes, Biggs Phillipson, 2003). However, this is difficult for those who cant due to physical limitations, the focus shouldnt be on the inescapable annoyance of age but what ageing means for one may differ for another (Cox, 2012).Equally, The Intern another film with a mixed message about old age concentrates on Ben, a Retired executive who applies to a senior citizen intern program after retirement has become too boring for him and is drill hole to learn how to use technology. This displays old age as a consumer market whereby the old are independent, competitive and willing to learn (Dhar McKinney, 2015). Moreover, these qualities suggest that not all people distinguish themselves as old and dont expect anyone else to either, they enjoy being identified alongside the young and be integrated. This is seen in Films such as contact the Fockers with Barbara Streisands who plays a sex therap ist who teaches sex exercises to senior couples, this is a positive reinforcement of old age as a new beginning because it removes the dominant stereotype that senior partnerships are sexless (Gatling, 2013). Therefore, it can be said that we are living in a third age demonstrated by self-realization and consumption of the elderly (Twigg, 2010).The Third age concept captures an economic and demographic shift describing the emergence of a cohort of relatively healthy and financially secure older people who were entering the age of personal achievement and fulfilment (Laslett, 1987135). This concept has crawled into the advertizement industry and suggests a period of liberation from old age whereby older people are used for the promotion of products and endorsements (Marshall Rahman, 2014). Old age is understood to be a consumer market with competitive seniors in the advertising industry. This representation of the third age is comparable with old age as a new beginning hence a domi nant representation of old age. Publications such as Yours and Saga magazine, endeavour to remove the negative stereotype of age and encourage a more active lifestyle via educational and inspirational advertisements endorsing a healthier and vigorous standard of living (Ylnne, 2015). An example which further illustrates this dominant representation of old age as a means of self-realisation is the movie The Best Marigold Hotel. The story engages with a group of retired seniors who travel for a holiday to India and embark on a journey where later life isnt a single out but a chance of fulfilment, financially or romantically. The film suppresses the fear of ageing for seniors and the youth and acts as a guide for enjoying old age (Cox, 2012).The concept of the Fourth Age unlike the Third age, focuses on the fear of ageing. The Fourth age embodies all the fears of old age it brings fragility, helplessness and loss of autonomy. Especially because not being in control of your own ageing process can be daunting compared to the third age which promotes successful ageing as a personal choice. Instead the fourth age describes the disabled as them and questions if this illustrates the real process of ageing (Kafkov, 201623). This description of old the ageing process comes under the third classification of Old age as Superiority where the elderly are an inconvenience and later life is an ageing horror (Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 2013). However, advertisements promote health issues in a positive light using the third age concept Leisure-oriented exercise benefits older people, reducing both their morbidity and mortality (Gilleard Higgs, 200080). Rather than impart fear in the minds of consumers, advertisers use seniors to sell health products and encourage older people to live an active lifestyle to age well and by use of autonomy they can postpone the fourth age (Ylnne, Williams Wadleigh, 2009). On the other hand, health in films are a dominant representation of old ag e as a human decline and horror. Old age is presented by considering the fourth age in relation to dementia Ageing and disability are commonly assumed to go hand in hand (Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 201357). This can be seen in the Simpsons film where Grandpa Simpson has trouble remembering the names of family members and confuses items such as the phone for an iron. These representations of Alzheimers and Dementia are usually inaccurate and fail to bring awareness to the issue. Although the representation may be comical, for children watching it leads them to identify the old as a nuisance and helpless (Alexander, 2015). In other words, the representation of health concerns as an ageing issue in a magazine ad is not as negative as it is a film and doesnt have the same influence on the youth as films do.The major premise of polish theory is that the more time individuals spend consuming media e.g. watching TV, the closer their views are to the world created by media. In other words, r epeated and extensive ikon to media images influences viewers perceptions of social reality in the direction of the world constructed by media (Zhang, 2006265). This suggests the stereotypical images the youth have of the elderly is as a result of the media. They are represented as dependent, grumpy and disabled which cause the young to behave in a disrespectful way and shapes the interactions they have with older people (Magoffin, 2007). Film more than advertisements plays a big part in constructing the views of the youth even if the representation doesnt accurately reflect society. The dominant representations include grumpy old characters who wane to adjust to the changes of modern society and believe the youth are impolite. For instance, the film UP features Carl a cranky, hard of hearing and frail old man who by chance injures a construction worker over damage to his mailbox. Carl is deemed a public nuisance, and the court orders him to be admitted to a nursing home, to get him out of the way, exhibiting age as a human decline. This is supported by children who restrain the old within two categories Evil powerful and Benign but helpless which is where Carl is placed (Gatling, 2013). This aligns the image which the youth maintain of the old and influences communication ensuing a self-fulfilling prophecy. The old internalise those stereotypes and interactions causing low self-esteem and a need to slow the ageing process (Kriebernegg Maierhofer, 2013).Magazine advertisements publicise anti-ageing representations of old age more so then Films and particularly for women Anti-ageing attempts to slow, stop or reverse, rejuvenate the ageing process (Ylnne, Williams Wadleigh, 200956). Magazines promote anti-ageing practices including cosmetic surgery, anti-ageing creams and hair dyes as solutions to the ageing process through concealing indicators of old age which is deemed unattractive. This process is not limited to the elderly, it is also used by those in their 20s and 30s who begin the staying young process at a young age (Gilleard Higgs, 2000). Using the example of an Olay magazine ad featuring model Twiggy promoting a beauty product, it was reported by consumers as misleading and extremely airbrushed with a slogan captioned Because younger looking eyes never go out of fashion. Although a mature model was used the promotion is selling how to achieve younger looking skin which not only gives false promises but has a negative outcome for those who endeavour to age naturally (Sweney, 2009). Ultimately, we can see how anti-ageing practices shapes the ageing process for older people where they view ageing as a human decline. Disney films create negative stereotypes which impact how kids perceive older adults and fear the ageing process. Using toothless characters and portraying them as evil for example, the old woman who tempts play false white to eat the poisonous apple (Robinson et al 2007 Gatling 2013). Children internalise the m ost widespread representations of old age when young which are usually negative in films and hang on to them which creates a fear of ageing.Although the mass media continues to be a popular discourse which shapes the representations of old age in society advertising does not have the power to alter or shape social values, but merely reflects the values of its target audiences, the same can be said for films (Miller, Leyell Mazachek, 2004316). The most dominant representations of ageing are Old age as a Human Decline and Old Age as a New Beginning which are shaped by the stereotypes society created. Although the representations in magazine ads and films have relevant similarities and differences individually they contribute to the interactions amongst the old and young. Despite this, can we suggest there been a trend from less negative to more positive portrayals consistent with a shift toward more favourable attitudes toward the elderly and the increasing size of the elderly popula tion? (Miller, Leyell Mazachek, 2004316). This suggests representations relating to old age are limited. Then again, should we educate society particularly children that opposing depictions of strength and agility on one hand, and frailty and unfeelingness on the other stimulate the viewer to ponder that we all live somewhere along the weak/strong continuum. Some older people may be weaker than younger people, some may not (Gatling, 201377).BibliographyAlexander, S. (2015). Were tired of these stereotypes of older people in the media online. Available from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/goodlife/living/were-tired-of-these-stereotypes-of-older-people-in-the-media/ Accessed 15 Jan. 2017Cox, D. (2012). Why do films do such a bad job of portraying old people? online. Available from https//www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/feb/28/films-bad-job-portraying-old-people Accessed 15 Jan. 2017.Dhar, A. and McKinney, S. (2015). 3 Ways The Intern Gets sometime(a) Workers Wrong online. Availabl e from http//www.nextavenue.org/3-ways-the-intern-gets-older-workers-wrong/ Accessed 15 Jan. 2017.Estes, CL. Biggs, S. Phillipson, C. (2003). Social theory, social policy and ageing. Open University Press Maidenhead.Gatling, M. C. (2013) Representations of age and ageing in comedy film. PhD thesis, James Cook UniversityGilleard, C. and Higgs, P. (2000). Cultures Of Ageing Self, Citizen And The Body, Harlow Prentice Hall.Hatch, L.R. (2005). Gender and Ageism, Generations, 29 (3), p.19-24.Kafkov, M.P. (2016). The Real Old Age and the Transition between the Third and Fourth Age, Sociologia, 48 (6), p.622-640Kriebernegg, U. and Maierhofer, R. (2013). The Ages Of Life. Electronic Resource Living And Aging In deviation?, Bielefeld Transcript, Aston University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 January 2017Laham, TS. M. (2015). This Is Really When Old Age Begins online. Available from http//www.huffingtonpost.com/martha-ts-laham-/when-old-age-begins_b_8099004.html Accessed 14 Jan . 2017. para. 19Laslett, P. (1987). The Emergence of the Third Age, Ageing and Society, 7 (2) p.135.Lauzen, M.M. Dozier, D.M. (2005). Maintaining the double standard Portrayals of age and gender in popular films, Sex Roles, 52, p.437-446.Lewis, C.D. Medvedev, K. and Seponski, M.D. (2011). Awakening to the desires of older women Deconstructing ageism within fashion magazines, Journal of Aging Studies, 25 (2), p101-109.Magoffin, D. L. (2007). Stereotyped Seniors The Portrayal of elder Characters in Teen Movies from 1980-2006, All Theses and Dissertations. 977.Marshall, B.L. Rahman, M. (2014). Celebrity, ageing and the construction of third age identities, external Journal of Cultural Studies ,18 (6), p. 577 593Miller, D.W. Leyell, T.S. and Mazachek, J. (2004). Stereotypes of the elderly in U.S. television commercials from the 1950s to the 1990s, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58 (4), p.315-340.Robinson, T. Callister, M. Magoffin, D. Moore, J. (2007). The portrayal of older characters in Disney animated films, Journal of Aging Studies 21 (3) p.203-213Rozanova, J. (2010). Discourse of successful aging in The Globe Mail Insights from critical gerontology, Journal of Aging Studies, 24. p213-222.Sontag, S. (1972). The Double Standard of Aging. Saturday Review of the Society, 23, p.31.Sweney, M (2009). Twiggys Olay ad banned over airbrushing online https//www.theguardian.com/media/2009/dec/16/twiggys-olay-ad-banned-airbrushing Accessed 15 Jan, 2017.Twigg, J. (2010). How Does Vogue Negotiate Age? Fashion, the Body, and the Older Woman, Fashion Theory, 14 (4), p.471-490.Vickers, K. (2007). Aging and the Media Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 5 (3), p.100-105.Ylnne, V. (2015). Representations of ageing in the media in Twigg, Julia and Martin, Wendy enchiridion of Cultural Gerontology London Routledge, p.369-376.Ylnne, V. Williams, A. and Wadleigh, P. M. (2009). Ageing well? Older peoples health and w ell-being as portrayed in UK magazine advertisements, International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 4 (2), p.33-62.Zhang, Y.B. Harwood, J. Williams, A. Ylnne-McEwen, V. Wadleigh, P.M. Thimm, C (2006). The Portrayal of Older Adults in Advertising, Journal of Language and Social Psychology 25 (3), p.265

Marbury vs Madison Case Summary

Marbury vs Madison Case SummaryBrandon HuffThis casing took place on February twenty fourth, 1803. It was the first case in which an act of Congress was declared unconstitutional. That being said it was the first time, and the means by which judicial review was used. As the case name suggests the contrariety was between James Madison and William Marbury.It took place a couple of weeks before president Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801. Because of the Judiciary displace of 1801, and the Organic Act there was a multitude of courtship places open. President John Adams tried to fill as many as he could with Federalist party members as to guard Jeffersons Democratic-Republican party. He wanted to make it hard for him to pass anything while he was in office.But since William Marbury was one of the last ones to expect an appointment, the so called midnight appointments, he did not receive their delegating. This happened because Jefferson took office and instructed his secretary of state James Madison to withhold the remaining commissions. When Marbury found out he wrote a writ of mandamus to the exacting Court. He did this in the hope Madison would act and hand out the rest of the commissions.Marbury and his lawyer, former attorney general Charles Lee, went before the courts and stated that the signing and shut of the commission completed the transaction and that delivering them was only formal. in time though Jefferson was very(prenominal) upset stating that he could not serve without the document. Despite this plea, however, the court agreed to picture their case Marbury vs Madison in February of 1803.This case was underway, but was quickly resolved. After hearing the case most people from both the Republicans and the Federalists agreed that it was a very insignificant case. By the time the case took place the people were agreeing the Jeffersons decision to reduce the amount of justices of the peace, and the Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed. Also, Ma rburys term was already half all over with by the time the case made it to the courts. In other words it seemed that there was no way Marbury would win this case.However, Marshall, the chief justice saw the trouble facing him and came up with a brilliant solution. The solution he found the named a tour de force, and is still used today. He managed to establish all military group to the court s the final arbiter of the Constitution. By doing this, he could effectively chastise the Jefferson administration for not following the law, while also protecting the courts billet on the matter. He reduced the case to three basic problems and questions. First, did Marbury have the right to the commission? Second, if he did, and his right had been violated, did the law provide him with a cure? Third, if it did, would the proper remedy be a writ of mandamus to the Supreme Court? With these three questions Marshall effectively broke down the case to its simplest form.The top of the first tw o had the desired effect. He explained that by failing to deliver the commission the Marbury, the secretary failed in his duties and violated the law. Having established that Marbury was entitled to receive the commission he turned to the next question. Marbury had a right to the commission, and therefore by not receiving it was denied right. Because of this violation he could have argued that a writ of mandamus would be the right course of action, since the Judiciary Act of 1789 was still in effect, therefore he declared the the court had no jurisdiction to issue such a thing. He continued that it was inconsistent with Article 3 of the Constitution. With this statement, he surrendered the power derived from the 1798 statute which would have given Jefferson a technical victory in the case. By pointing this out he gained a very important power, judicial review.Through his masterful ideas and use the the Constitution through the law Marshall won the case. Even though Marbury only serv ed half his term it had a much greater impact throughout history. We use judicial review to this day and it has been the cornerstone for a lot of cases since this one. Even though this decision has been very controversial it is a part of our organization and we are used to it by now. It also fits well with our system of checks and balances run by the government.Through this very small incident in history it impacted the whole country. This case revolutionized our way of thinking in the courts. The courts have more power in this process and have been able to hear and change the outcome of many cases. This has helped shape our country into hat it is today and although it was been contact in controversy it is an undeniable fact of our life.

Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature Essay -- Conrad

Joseph Conrad An Innovator in British books Joseph Conrads innovative literature is influenced by his experiences in traveling to foreign countries around the world. Conrads literature consists of the various styles of techniques he uses to display his well-recognized work as British literature. His prose style, varying from eloquently sensuous to bare and astringent, keeps the reader in constant satisfy with a mature, truth-seeking, creative mind (Hutchinson 1). Conrads novels are basically based on having both a psychological and sociological plot within them. This is why Conrads work carries its own uniqueness from other novels when being compared to his. Examples of Conrads literature include novels such as means of Darkness, Lord Jim, and The Secret Agent. Heart of Darkness is basically based on his own experiences, but Conrad also adds fiction into this particular novel (Dintenfass 1). It has been said that Conrads style of writing is exposit as ...life as we actually live it...is to be blurred and messy and confusing-- and the abstract ideas...of actual experiences can sometimes produce in us, or in that part of us, anyway, which tries to understand the world in some rational way. Acquiring this from the novel gives the reader a psychological perspective in that they are receiving feedback in a conscious way such as a hallucination or a phantasm (Dintenfass 2). Readers have curiously questioned the purpose of his novels such as Heart of Darkness, but the answer is quite simple. The purpose is to get the reader to re-live any experience in some significant and concrete way, with all its complexity and messiness, all its tail and ambiguity, intact (Dintenfass 3). An addi... ...n, eds. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 1 Detroit Hale Research Co., 1978. Dintenfass, Mark. Heart of Darkness A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture. 14 Mar. 1996. *http//www.acsu.buffalo.edu/csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2 Feb. 2000). Draper, James P., ed. World Literature Criticism 1500 to the Present. Vol. 2 Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1992. Hamblin, Stephen. Joseph Conrads The Secret Agent. *http//www.ductape.net/steveh/secretagent/* (2 Feb. 2000). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia. 1999. 2 Feb. 1999. *http//ukdb.web.aol.com/hutchinson/encyclopedia/72/M0013572.htm Magill, Frank N., ed. 1,300 Critical Evaluations of Selected Novels and Plays. Vol. 2 Englewood Cliffs Salem Press Inc., 1976. Stein, Rita, and Martin Tucker, eds. Modern British Literature. Vol. 4 New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1975.

September Eleventh Essays -- Art Tragedy Terrorism Terrorists Papers

September EleventhI see the three bodies in his painting as nation falling from the 110th floor of the South Tower. I see the broken debris and splintered wood as pieces of steel and glass collapsing to the ground, taking firefighters and innocent pack with it.By Jennifer KareyIn 1986, John Boak created a painting that depicts the horrible event that took place in Cripple Creek, Colorado in the early morning hours of June 5, 1904. An ebullition destroyed the Independence train depot in a matter of seconds, killing thirteen men and injuring twenty others. In Boaks work, that horrific moment is captured as if looking up at the patchy night sky as the debris and people seem to fall down to earth. While Boaks intention whitethorn have been to portray this event accurately and capture it in time, this intended message is lost in the aftermath of September eleventh. The image no continuing represents the image of a small townsfolk explosion almost a millennium ago, but rather rekindle s recent memories of the events that shook the country only one(a) month ago. While 2001 has proven to be a year of fear, anger, uncertainty and terrible destruction, the years between 1893 and 1904 were equally chaotic for the small mining town of Cripple Creek, Colorado. Tensions began to grow between mining companies and workers over their long hours and low wages. In response, John Calderwood, a former coal miner, established the Western fusion of Miners (WFM) in 1894. Calderwood and five hundred men formed a union in February of that same year. Their demands were simple three dollars pay for an eight-hour day. The conflict went on with neither side willing to compromise. Non-union workers and union workers competed for jobs as companies refused t... ...p//www.boakart.comBoak, John. Re Harry Orchard blows up the Independence Colorado Train Depot. Email to Jennifer Karey. 14 Oct. 2001.Jameson, Elizabeth. All That Glitters. wampum University of Illinois Press, 1998.Jenkins, Sa lly. Manhattan Cleaning Up the Day After Attacks. The Washington Post (2001). 12 September 2001 < http//www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/articles/A18284-2001Sep12.html Langdon, Emma F., The Cripple Creek Strike A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado. New York Arno Press, 1969.Powell, Michael. New York A City Turned Upside Down. The Washington Post (2001). 12 September 2001 < http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14164-2001Sep11.htmlSedivy, David. Mr. Sedivys Highlands Ranch History. 11 October 2001. Highlands Ranch High School. 12 October 2001 < http//mr_sedivy.tripod.com/co_hist.html